北京市空气污染物对呼吸系统疾病门诊人数的影响

为评价北京市大气污染对居民呼吸系统疾病门诊人数的影响,采用时间序列半参广义相加模型(GAM),在控制了长期趋势、“星期几效应”及气象因素的影响后,分析2009~2011年北京市空气污染物与呼吸系统疾病门诊人数的暴露-反应关系,并按性别和年龄层建立模型.结果表明,3种污染物有一定的滞后效应,PM10在滞后0~3d(avg03)或0~5d(avg05)的移动平均值,SO2和NO2均在滞后0~2d(avg02)的移动平均值使呼吸系统疾病门诊人数的增加百分比(PI%)值达到最大,其中PM10、SO2和NO2浓度每增加10μg/m3,对应的呼吸系统疾病全人群的PI%分别为1.72%、1.34%和2.57%.年龄365岁的老年人群对北京市空气污染物最为敏感,其次为年龄￡14岁的人群;空气污染对女性的影响较男性明显.     

沈阳市环境信访工作存在问题及对策浅析

分析了沈阳市环境信访投诉案件产生的主要原因,阐述了城市规划布局不尽合理,环保前置审批制度落实不到位,相关部门执法尚未形成合力等特征。针对沈阳市环境信访与投诉案件的形式和特点,提出了将环保工作纳入城市规划全过程,控制源头审批,建立完善信访制度等建议和对策。     

公民环境信访行为影响因素的实证分析——基于规范激活理论

环境信访是中国公民环境利益表达的重要途径,也是其参与环境治理的重要通道,引导公民有序进行环境信访对于加强生态文明建设、深化环境治理、维护社会稳定具有重要意义。本研究从环境信访的参与主体——公民入手,基于社会心理学中规范激活理论的连续模型,构建了公民环境信访影响因素的理论模型,并运用AMOS 20.0对S市9个行政区500位市民的问卷调研结果进行实证分析,探究公民环境信访行为的社会心理影响因素。研究结果表明:规范激活理论的连续模型能够较好地解释中国公民的环境信访行为,其中环境信访结果认知正向影响环境信访责任归属,公民的个体规范需要通过责任归属得以激活,从而影响公民环境信访行为意向。因此,政府可以通过环保知识的宣传教育和完善环境信访相关法律法规来提升公民环保意识和环境信访责任归属感,同时可以通过环保政策法规的宣传、畅通环境信访渠道以及对公民环境信访行为的有效处理来促进公民对环境信访行为积极意义的认知,从而推动公民有序进行环境信访。     

Association of emergency room visits for respiratory diseases with sources of ambient PM2.5

Previous studies have reported associations of short-term exposure to different sources of ambient fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5)) and increased mortality or hospitalizations for respiratory diseases. Few studies, however, have focused on the short-term effects of source-specific PM_(2.5) on emergency room visits(ERVs) of respiratory diseases. Source apportionment for PM_(2.5) was performed with Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF) and generalized additive model was applied to estimate associations between source-specific PM_(2.5) and respiratory disease ERVs. The association of PM_(2.5) and total respiratory ERVs was found on lag4(RR = 1.011, 95%CI: 1.002, 1.020) per interquartile range(76 μg/m~3) increase.We found PM_(2.5) to be significantly associated with asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) ERVs, with the strongest effects on lag5(RR = 1.072,95%CI: 1.024, 1.119), lag4(RR = 1.104, 95%CI: 1.032, 1.176) and lag3(RR = 1.091, 95%CI: 1.047,1.135), respectively. The estimated effects of PM_(2.5) changed little after adjusting for different air pollutants. Six primary PM_(2.5) sources were identified using PMF analysis, including dust/soil(6.7%), industry emission(4.5%), secondary aerosols(30.3%), metal processing(3.2%),coal combustion(37.5%) and traffic-related source(17.8%). Some of the sources were identified to have effects on ERVs of total respiratory diseases(dust/soil, secondary aerosols, metal processing, coal combustion and traffic-related source), bronchitis ERVs(dust/soil) and COPD ERVs(traffic-related source, industry emission and secondary aerosols). Different sources of PM_(2.5) contribute to increased risk of respiratory ERVs to different extents, which may provide potential implications for the decision making of air quality related policies, rational emission control and public health welfare.     

Fine particulate matter and cardiorespiratory health in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies

This review aimed to systematically summarize the epidemiological literature on the cardiorespiratory effects of PM_2.5 published during the 13^th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020) in China. Original articles published between January 1, 2016 and June 30, 2021 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, the China National Knowledge Internet Database and Wanfang Database. Random- or fixed-effects models were used to pool effect estimates where appropriate. Of 8558 records identified, 145 met the full eligibility criteria. A 10 µg/m³ increase in short-term PM_2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increases of 0.70%, 0.86%, 0.38% and 0.96% in cardiovascular mortality, respiratory mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, and respiratory morbidity, respectively. The specific diseases with significant associations included stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia and allergic rhinitis. The pooled estimates per 10 µg/m³ increase in long-term PM_2.5 exposure were 15.1%, 11.9% and 21.0% increases in cardiovascular, stroke and lung cancer mortality, and 17.4%, 11.0% and 4.88% increases in cardiovascular, hypertension and lung cancer incidence respectively. Adverse changes in blood pressure, heart rate variability, systemic inflammation, blood lipids, lung function and airway inflammation were observed for either short-term or long-term PM_2.5 exposure, or both. Collectively, we summarized representative exposure-response relationships between short- and long-term PM_2.5 exposure and a wide range of cardiorespiratory outcomes applicable to China. The magnitudes of estimates were generally smaller in short-term associations and comparable in long-term associations compared with those in developed countries. Our findings are helpful for future standard revisions and policy formulation. There are still some notable gaps that merit further investigation in China.     

Determinants of the Willingness-to-Participate in an Environmental Intervention in a Beirut Neighborhood

Participatory environmental management can empower communities and enhance the sustainability of environmental interventions. However, existing power structures and inequalities along class, gender, or ethnic lines could prevent part of the community from accessing the full benefits of the intervention. An analysis of determinants of the willingness-to-participate in an environmental intervention in a Beirut neighborhood is conducted. Socioeconomic, health-risk distribution, and perception of community efficacy are used as predictors. A randomly selected sample of residents was surveyed. Respondents were asked to specify the frequency with which they were willing to be involved in an intervention to address priority environmental problems in the neighborhood. Bivariate and multivariate ordinal regression analyses were conducted. Tests of significance were based on the 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the odds ratio (OR). Males versus females (OR = 4.89, P < 0.001), respiratory patients versus nonsufferers (OR = 5.65, P < 0.001), tenants versus house owners (OR = 2.98, P < 0.01), and the less educated versus the more educated (OR = 2.42, P < 0.05) were significantly more likely to be willing to participate. The reluctance of female community members to participate might be a major hindrance to community-based environmental protection and special strategies must be devised to overcome it. On the other hand, respondents suffering from an illness perceived to be related to environmental toxins are likely to be strong participants in environmental conservation efforts. Finally, the study yielded no evidence that belief or lack of it in the efficacy of community action is a good predictor of the willingness-to-participate in such action.     

化肥厂尿素粉尘对人体的危害性调研及工业卫生评价

通过对动物皮肤染毒和皮下注射尿素溶液试验，观察尿素粉尘对动物皮肤、呼吸道和肝、肾等器官的损伤程度。对触尘人员与非触尘人员健康状况进行调查比较，分析尿素粉尘对人体的危害程度。结果：动物皮肤染毒４８小时后，对不同剂量染毒组的动物皮肤在光镜下观察试验结果，其表皮层细胞未见任何异常。对不同剂量染毒组经注射实验后，发现高浓度尿素粉尘对气管粘膜有轻度损伤，且有剂量——效应关系；在动物肝、肾、肺泡等器官未见明显损害。对触尘群体健康调查后，初步认为长时间接触尿素粉尘对人体呼吸系统有一定的影响，且局限在气管和支气管；尿素粉尘对人体皮肤基本无刺激作用。     

The use of respirometric measurements to determine the toxicity of textile dyes in aqueous solution and after oxidative decolourisation processes

Selected results from the degradation of reactive-dye hydrolysates after UV irradiation, ozonation and sodium peroxodisulphate (NaPS) treatment are presented. Reactive dyes with representative chromophores and anchor groups were chosen for the research project. Different stages of oxidative decolourisation were examined and determined by water parameters for biological degradation (BOD). The paper focuses on toxicity tests with Pseudomonas putida to consider whether the oxidative treatments result in products with a risk for the environment. Tests were performed with the AQUALYTIC^® Sensomat System, which measures biological oxygen demand (BOD). It was determined that the chosen oxidative treatments had as a rule no bearing on respiration of P. putida. Experiments with hydrolysates after short-term UV irradiation resulted in a slightly increased but not long-lasting toxicity in comparison with treatments with ozone or NaPS. Toxic effects were found in tests with hydrolysates of metalliferous dyes. During oxidative treatment, metals were liberated from the chromophores. This did cause complete inhibition of respiration of P. putida. Dye Blue E, a member of a dye class with chlorotriazine anchor groups, was itself found to be toxic, caused by the reactivity of the anchor group. The hydrolysate is only of minor toxicity.     

谈矿山推行呼吸性粉尘监测

矿山粉尘严重危害矿工身体健康,现有全尘监测方法存在许多弊端,必须进行改革,采用于国际接轨的呼吸性粉尘监测方法,从此法在我国的试点情况和大冶有色金属公司的实践来看,全面推广的时机基本成熟。     

沙尘天气PM10对多种心血管疾病日门诊人数的影响

为研究沙尘天气大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)与心血管系统疾病每日门诊人数的联系,采用半参数广义相加泊松回归模型(GAM),在排除了混杂因素如季节趋势、日历效应、气象因素和时间长期趋势等作用的前提下,分析2004年3月1日~5月31日沙尘暴频发区——甘肃省武威市大气PM10与多种心血管疾病每日门诊相对危险度(RR)的关系.结果表明,PM10与男、女总心血管系统疾病门诊RR均在滞后第2d(lag2)的联系有统计学意义.PM10分别在lag3和lag4对男、女性风湿性心脏病门诊RR的影响有统计学意义; PM10(lag2)与男性高血压门诊RR的联系有统计学意义.PM10在lag2对男性缺血性心血管疾病门诊RR的影响有统计学意义;PM10对男、女性心律失常以及充血性心力衰竭门诊RR的影响均无统计学意义.在调整了SO2和/或NO2后,PM10对男、女性心血管系统疾病门诊RR的作用有所下降,但在统计学上仍有意义.然而在分别调整了其他污染物后,SO2和NO2变得无统计学意义.沙尘天气PM10浓度分类模型分析表明,从正常清洁天、轻度污染天到扬沙天气、沙尘暴天气,随着PM10浓度水平的增大,心血管系统疾病(缺血性心血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压、风湿性心脏病)门诊RR也随之增高,呈现一定的剂量效应关系.沙尘天气可吸入颗粒物可引起暴露居民多种心血管系统疾病(缺血性心血管疾病、充血性心力衰竭、心律失常、高血压、风湿性心脏病)门诊人数增多,且均呈现滞后效应. PM10浓度与心血管系统疾病门诊RR表现为一定的剂量效应关系.PM10浓度与沙尘天气强度有密切关系, 随着PM10浓度与沙尘天气强度的增大,暴露居民心血管系统多种疾病日门诊RR也增大,具体为:正常清洁天＜轻度污染天＜扬沙天＜沙尘暴天.